Disaster Assistance: Action Needed to Improve Resilience, Response, and Recovery (2024)

The Big Picture

The federal government provides billions of dollars to help communities damaged by disasters—such as hurricanes, floods, wildfires, and earthquakes—rebuild infrastructure and improve their resilience to future damages. Federal assistance also helps individuals and households impacted by disasters recover.

FEMA-Reported Federal Assistance for Selected Natural Disasters, as of February 2023

Disaster Assistance: Action Needed to Improve Resilience, Response, and Recovery (1)

The rising number of natural disasters and increasing reliance on federal assistance are key sources of increasing costs for the federal government and the American taxpayer.

What GAO’s Work Shows

GAO has evaluated federal disaster resilience, response, and recovery efforts and has identified opportunities for improvement.

Invest in Disaster Resilience. One way to reduce federal fiscal exposure is to invest in disaster resilience, thereby reducing the need for more costly future assistance. In 2019, GAO developed the Disaster Resilience Frameworkto help federal entities identify opportunities to promote disaster resilience.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has grant programs that fund state and local projects to increase disaster resilience, such as elevating homes to prevent flood damage. However, challenges with these programs, including complex and lengthy application processes, discourage investment in projects to enhance disaster resilience.

✓ We recommended that FEMA develop a plan to streamline its grant application processes.

Improve Processes for Assisting Survivors. After a major disaster, survivors can apply to FEMA's Individuals and Households Program (IHP) for temporary housing or home repair funds. GAO found that survivors face numerous challenges obtaining aid. For instance, FEMA does not always fully explain to survivors that, in order to receive certain types of IHP assistance, they must first apply for and be denied a Small Business Administration (SBA) disaster loan. Survivors who do not understand such requirements may not receive all the assistance for which they are eligible.

✓ We recommended that FEMA improve communication about this requirement.

GAO has also identified issues with FEMA's process for estimating damage to homes. In 2020, FEMA changed its approach for estimating such damages. However, FEMA did not assess how such changes affected IHP award amounts. GAO found awards were 35 percent lower on average with the new approach. As a result, applicants may not receive an award amount that accurately reflects the damage for which they are eligible.

✓ We recommended that FEMA assess its new approach for estimating damage and adjust the approach as needed.

California Wildfire Approaching a Residence

Disaster Assistance: Action Needed to Improve Resilience, Response, and Recovery (2)

Improve Federal Approach to Disaster Recovery. Funding provided by the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery can be used for housing activities, such as home repairs. We found that this funding has been slow to reach affected communities. We reported in December 2022, that the seven states and territories that received the vast majority of grants to help affected communities recover from 2017 and 2018 disasters had disbursed only 28 percent of the funds allocated for housing activities. HUD does not require grantees to collect and analyze data needed to monitor program timeliness.

✓ We recommended that HUD require grantees to collect and analyze data to monitor grant timeliness.

Hurricane Ian Damage to Home in Pine Island, Florida

Disaster Assistance: Action Needed to Improve Resilience, Response, and Recovery (3)

FEMA, HUD, and SBA are just three of over 30 federal entities involved in disaster recovery. Having so many entities involved has created challenges, such as confusing and lengthy processes for disaster survivors and communities to apply for assistance. Such challenges can disproportionately affect populations that are least prepared to navigate complex federal programs.

We identified 11 options that could improve the federal approach to disaster recovery.

✓ We recommended that Congress consider establishing an independent commission to recommend reforms to the federal approach to disaster recovery.

More from GAO's Portfolio

Disaster Assistance: GAO-23-104750, GAO-20-604, GAO-20-503

Disaster Recovery: GAO-23-105295, GAO-23- 104956, GAO-22-104452, GAO-19-232

Disaster Resilience: GAO-22-106046, GAO-21-140, GAO-20-100SP

Highway Emergency Relief: GAO-20-32

Puerto Rico Recovery: GAO-21-264 2017

Hurricanes: GAO-22-106211

For more information, contactChris Currie at (404) 679-1875 orcurriec@gao.gov.

Disaster Assistance: Action Needed to Improve Resilience, Response, and Recovery (2024)

FAQs

What is resilience disaster recovery strategy? ›

Resiliency is the ability of a system to recover from a disruption and to modify its capabilities to adapt and better respond to similar events in the future. Despite common goals, HA and resiliency are not synonymous. A strong disaster recovery strategy incorporates both concepts.

How do you promote disaster resilience? ›

By mobilizing resources, coordinating efforts, and sharing knowledge, communities can develop and implement more effective strategies to address emergencies and promote long-term resilience [78].

What are the 3 basic strategies of disaster response? ›

Goals of Disaster Management:
  • Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster. Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
  • Preparedness - Planning how to respond. ...
  • Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. ...
  • Recovery - Returning the community to normal.

What is response and recovery in disaster management? ›

The response phase is a reaction to the occurrence of a catastrophic disaster or emergency. Recovery consists of those activities that continue beyond the emergency period to restore critical community functions and begin to manage stabilization efforts.

What are the 4 C's of disaster recovery? ›

In summary, the 4 C's of disaster recovery - Communication, Coordination, Continuity, and Collaboration - serve as the cornerstone of effective disaster preparedness and response.

What are the 5 C's of resilience? ›

Organizational resilience has five primary components — Centering, Confidence, Commitment, Community, and Compassion.

What are the 5 most powerful ways to increase your resilience? ›

If you'd like to become more resilient, try some of these tips:
  1. Get connected. Building strong, healthy relationships with loved ones and friends can give you needed support and help guide you in good and bad times. ...
  2. Make every day have meaning. ...
  3. Learn from the past. ...
  4. Stay hopeful. ...
  5. Take care of yourself. ...
  6. Take action.
Dec 23, 2023

Why is resilience important in disaster management? ›

Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses—rather than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward. However, building the culture and practice of disaster resilience is not simple or inexpensive.

What is the role of resilience in disaster management? ›

Resilience is the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

What are the 5 examples of disaster response? ›

Response actions may include activating the emergency operations center, evacuating threatened populations, opening shelters and providing mass care, emergency rescue and medical care, fire fighting, and urban search and rescue.

How to improve disaster management? ›

Training and equipping millions of volunteers as first responders to a wide range of hazards. Researching new technologies to improve their response. Working with communities to understand the needs of those most at risk. Setting up early warning systems so communities can take early action before a disaster hits.

What are the key disaster response activities? ›

Assessing damage caused by the emergency. Activating response plans and rescue operations. Ensuring that shelter and medical assistance are provided. Recovering from the emergency and helping citizens return to normal life as soon as possible.

What is an example of disaster response and recovery? ›

Examples of response activities include implementing disaster response plans, conducting search and rescue missions, and taking actions to protect oneself, family members, pets, and other community members.

What is an example of recovery in disaster management? ›

Recovery is those activities that continue beyond the emergency period to restore lifelines. Examples include providing temporary shelter, restoring power, critical stress debriefing for emergency responders and victims, job assistance, small business loans, and debris clearance

What is disaster recovery with an example? ›

Typically, disaster recovery involves securely replicating and backing up critical data and workloads to a secondary location or multiple locations—disaster recovery sites. A disaster recovery site can be used to recover data from the most recent backup or a previous point in time.

How does FEMA define resilience? ›

Resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities, businesses, institutions, and governments to adapt to changing conditions and to prepare for, withstand, and rapidly recover from disruptions to everyday life, such as hazard events.

What are the 4 pillars of resilience? ›

Resilience is the ability to function well in the face of adversity. The DLA resilience model has four pillars: mental, physical, social and spiritual; balancing these four components help strengthen your life.

What are the four pillars of disaster resilience? ›

Emergency managers think of disasters as recurring events with four phases: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery.

What are the 3 C's model of resilience? ›

Introduces the 3Cs (Challenge, Commitment, and Personal Control) as a framework for cultivating resilience.

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